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A
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Abrasion: Scuffing or wearing of a part against its package or vice versa. Scuffing
of a package against external surfaces. The damage caused by friction such as rubbing,
scuffing, or scratching.
Adhesive: A substance, such as glue, used to laminate two structures together.
Annealed foil: Foil completely softened by thermal treatment. This is the softest
form.
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Basis Weight: In paper, the weight of a standard ream of paper. The basis weight of
most packaging papers is calculated on a ream of 500 sheets of 24 inch x 36 inch, or in
pounds of 3,000 square feet of paper. (see Ream)
Blade line: Where the doctor blade on a rotogravure press
develops an imperfection causing a line or streak in the print on the piece at this
imperfection. More Printing Terms
Bleed: Where the printing on a piece goes all the way to the
edge of the paper - accomplished by printing beyond the margins of the piece and then
trimming to the margin. More Printing Terms
Blister: A small raised area, caused by the expansion of trapped gas or other fluid
beneath the metal surface. In a lamination, small-localized areas free or freed from
adhesion.
Blocking: The undesired adhesion of two or more plies of material to the extent
that surfaces become damaged or distorted, or the inks or coatings transfer from one
surface to the other when adjacent layers are separated.
Bond Strength: A measure of strength of a bond between two adhesives.
Bright finish foil: Foil having a uniform bright specular finish.
Bug: A mark printed in an inconspicuous
location on a package to identify who the printer of the package is.
i.e. the Catty Corporation bug: 
Bug table
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Caliper: The thickness of sheet material expressed in "points" or mils
(thousands of an inch). (see gauge)
Coefficient of Friction (C.O.F.): The amount of slip exhibited
when one surface is dragged against an adjacent surface. Static COF is the force required
to begin the structure moving. Kinetic COF is the force required to maintain structure
movement at the test pull speed. Hi Slip = less than 0.2, Medium Slip = .2 -
.5, Low Slip = more than 0.5 (kinetic)
Color fastness: The measurement of the permanence of a color in its resistance to
sunlight and various chemicals as may be expressed.
Color Key Proof: Also chromalin
- a proof which shows the approximate expected result of a four-color printing, provided
by the color separator or printer. More Printing Terms
Color Separation: The translation of an original
photograph or other artwork into separate plates for four-color printing. More Printing Terms
Curl: An undesirable condition caused by uneven rates of absorption or evaporation
of moisture, uneven rates of contraction or expansion, or internal stresses in the
material. Curl is most prevalent in laminated structures where the components have
differing physical properties.
Customer Service Representative: The person who promptly and cheerfully answers or
gets the answers to all your packaging questions, follows your order from beginning to
shipment, and advises you when your order ships.
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Dead-fold: A characteristic that can be folded, molded, crimped, and formed with
ease. A thick layer of adhesive may act as a "hinge" to permit stiff
foil-laminated stock to retain good dead-fold. In this case, the adhesive material itself
must have good dead-fold and its effectiveness depends upon its thickness.
Destruct Bond: A strong bond of two materials where if one attempts to pull the two
apart a destruction of one of the materials will occur. The bonding agent is stronger than
the materials bonded together.
Draw Down: A thin coating applied and spread by a number of instruments, hand
rollers or pulling a smooth flat knife blade. Used to check such coating characteristics
as shade, color strength and tones.
Dwell time: The time usually expression in seconds at a given temperature required
for the application of hat to seal a heat sealing membrane.
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Elmendorf Test: Measurement of tearing resistance by
means of a device that tears standard samples and records the required energy. Papers must
be tested both along and across the grain and specimens should be conditioned at a certain
temperature and humidity prior to testing.
Extrusion: A product formed by pushing material through a die.
Embossed : Material on which a pattern has been impressed by means of an engraved
roller plate.
Extra Bright foil: Foil having a uniform extra bright specular finish.
Extra Hard: Maximum hardness and tensile properties.
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Flexibility: The property of a material, which will permit its being bent or
twisted without breaking, the state of being non-rigid.
F.O.B. Destination: The seller will bear transportation charges to the Ship to
location served by common carrier where the buyer or designee takes custody of the goods.
F.O.B. Shipping point. Buyer will bear all transportation charges, and will take
custody of the products at the shipping point.
Foil: A rolled product less than 0.006 inch.
Flexographic printing: An economical printing
method, mostly done on web-fed equipment, in which a rubber roll, partially immersed in an
ink fountain, transfers ink to a fine-screened steel roller carrying the design to be
printed, which in turn deposits a thin layer of ink on the printing plate.
More Printing Terms
The print pattern is raised and the non-print area is lower. The ink is applied to the
raised area of the rubber plate, then transfers to the material to be printed in the
desired pattern. Flexographic printing produces remarkably sharp reproductions of
multicolor work, including lettering in small type sizes.
Full hard foil: Foil fully work-hardened by rolling.
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Gravure printing: Gravure printing is ideal for
printing in long runs. it is a web fed process, which contributes to higher printing
speeds, Gravure cylinders (a steel base with a copper coating, is then engraved with the
desired pattern, then coated after engraving with a chrome plating for durability in the
printing process) are engraved and can give an extremely light to a heavy lay of ink,
gives excellent reproduction of detail, which is very important in total legibility and
overall appeal of a print job. The image to be printed lies below the surface of the
cylinder. When the inked surface of the roll is wiped clean with a doctor blade, the ink
remaining in the engraved depression (cells) the material runs over the cylinder the ink
is then deposited on that material in the pattern engraved. More
Printing Terms
Gauge: A term used in referring to the thickness. Here
are some examples and equivalents:
1mil = 1/1000 of an inch = .001
1 mil = 25.4 microns
1 micron = one millionth of a meter
click here for additional conversions
1 inch = 25.4 mm = 2.54 cm
100 gauge = 1 mil
80 gauge = 8/10 mil = .0008 inches
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Half Tone: A plate or cylinder or printed piece or process
involving the shooting of artwork through a lined screen, which breaks up the art into a
dot pattern. More Printing Terms
Hard temper foil: Foil fully work-hardened by rolling.
Hickies: Marks on printed material caused by dirt or foreign
material during the printing process.
More Printing Terms
Heat Seal coating: A coating on a material, which allows that material to be
laminated to a second material with a surface that when heat is applied the two materials
will bond together. The bond strength is such that the materials will be destructed if one
tries to peel apart the two. Also called a "destruct bond".
Hot tack: The ability of a freshly made seal to resist puckering, or
separating when stressed.
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Intermediate temper: obtained by controlled strain hardening
Interleaved sheets of foil: Foil in rectangular or square
sheets, with paper between each sheet of foil.
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K
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Keyline: Also called a mechanical. This is the guide used in making plates or
engraving cylinders, and printing a piece - a diagram of copy and art for reproduction.
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Lamination: Composite product consisting of two or more sheets or films joined
together, with glue, adhesive, wax, etc.
Layout: A rendering of a proposed printed piece, indicating positions for headings,
copy, art and borders. May also indicate color treatments.
Line print: Solid black line artwork which does not
require half-tone reproduction. More Printing Terms
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Matte finish foil: Foil having a diffuse reflecting finish.
Melting point: The temperature at which a solid compound goes to the liquid state.
Metric conversions:
1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2046 pounds
1 meter = 39.37 inches
= 1.0936 yards
1 pound = 0.4536 kilograms
1 mile = 1.6094 kilometers
1 short ton = 2000 pounds
1 yard = 0.9144 meter
1 kilometer = 0.6237 miles
1mil = 1/1000 of an inch = .001
1 mil = 25.4 microns
1 micron = one millionth of a meter
1 inch = 25.4 mm = 2.54 cm
100 gauge = 1 mil
80 gauge = 8/10 mil = .0008 inches
Mullen Test: Measurement of bursting strength of paper and paperboard, in pounds
per square inch. A relatively simple machine, either motor-driven or hand-operated,
applies increasing pressure to one square inch of the sample until it ruptures.
MVTR: see WVTR
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O
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P
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Peel Seal coating: Similar to heat-seal coating except that the bond will allow the
two materials to be peeled apart.
PMS Colors (Pantone Matching System) : Standard,
numbered shades and colors and may be selected when a specific background or accent color
is desired. The Pantone Matching System is an international printing, publishing and
packaging color language providing an accurate method for the selection, presentation,
specification, communication, reproduction, matching and control of color.
Pinholes: Minute holes in foil. Foil below .0015 inch, it is possible to
have minute discontinuities or "pinholes". When aluminum foil of half the
above thickness, or .0005 inch is tested, nearly every one-foot-square test piece contains
so-called pinholes. Reducing the foil below .0005 inch gauge results in an increased
number of "pinholes" per square foot and the discontinuities are usually
somewhat larger. Embossing or creasing of the foil will naturally increase the WVTR
of the foil, but only at the points which have been embossed or creased sufficiently to
generate breaks in the foil.
Press Proof: A proof which is made on a regular press with the finished plates
or cylinders to check color before the full run is made.
Printing Terms: Blade line,
Bleed, chromalin, Color
Key Proof, Color Separation, Flexographic printing, Gravure
printing, Half Tone, Hickies, Line print, Rotogravure printing, Process print,
Process print: Also four-color process - Indicates the
four-color plates or cylinders commonly used in color printing. Usually of photographic
quality. More Printing Terms
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R
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Ream: 432,000 square inches. The basic unit of measure on which
product specifications is built and on which the manufacturing operates. The 432,000
square inch ream is basic in figuring percentage of multiple components of a structure. To
determine the percentage of a component, one needs the yield (square inches per pound) of
the components, then divide the 432,000 by the yield of each component to get the pounds
for each component. Total all the pounds of all components for a total weight per ream.
Divide the total pounds for one ream of your structure by the pounds of each component to
get the pounds for each component.
Reverse Printing: 1) Printing an image on the
back of a transparent material so that when viewed from the front the image is correct.
2) Laying down a printed background on an opaque surface, leaving certain design
areas open.
Rotogravure print: See Gravure printing
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Seal strength: Measurement of force required to break or destroy a heat seal formed
by any of the heat sealing sheets.
Slip: see C.O.F
Slitting: The cutting of a large master roll into smaller rolls used.
Sheeting: The cutting of a large master roll into sheets.
Soft temper foil: Foil completely softened by thermal annealing treatment.
Supplier: A good supplier will provide their customer with superior customer
service and excellent quality, when the customer requires product.
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Tensile strength: Measurement of weight required to break a strip of paper or
paperboard in kilograms. Measurement is in pounds per square inch for metal.
Tear Strength: See Elmendorf Tear Test
Temper: As applicable to aluminum foils products, the relative stiffness, hardness,
and workability of the metal.
Tolerance: Allowable deviation from
a nominal or specified dimension.
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Unsupported foil: Foil with no backing (paper or otherwise)
Unwind print direction: The print direction on a roll of
flexible packaging material can be dependant on how the automated wrapping
equipment wraps your finished product. The location of the optical readers
and the location of the eyemarks on the wrapper is most important. An UNWIND
CHART was developed by the Flexible Packaging Association. Using the
unwind numbers from this chart is a standard industry procedure in communicating
the print direction your packaging requires.
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W
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Web Press: A printing press which has a rotary action, and uses large rolls of
paper, foil, and/or poly.
Wet Strength Paper: An additive put into the paper at the paper mill which
prevents the paper from coming apart when in contact with moisture.
WVTR: Water Vapor Transmission
Rate, (also known as MVTR moisture vapor transmission rate),
is the rate which moisture vapor can permeate through the structure and into a dry
atmosphere on the other side. It is recorded in units of gm/100 inches square / 24
hour (g/m2/24 hr). WVTR is dependant on the gauge of the structure, the materials
used in the structure, and the quality of the materials used. Vapor can pass through
channels in the seals, holes, tears, or imperfections in the package.
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Y
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Yield: The square inches per one pound of a material. For example, if one pound of
material has 41,000 square inches, then 100 pounds of the same material will have
4,100,000 square inches.
Formulas:
Total square inches = pounds
Yield
total square inches = yield
Pounds
Pounds x Yield = Total square inches.
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